An introduction to Film & TV
The start of Film and TV was never properly known, however the public screening of some Lumière Brothers' short films on the 28th of December in 1895 can be seen as the breakthrough of cinematographic motion pictures. Films started to become several minutes longer in the 1890's and consisted of several different shots. Because of this the first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1898 along with the first film studio built in 1897.
Film splicing is where you physically join pieces of movie film together. A way to do this is by using a ‘splicer’. A splicer is a machine that hols two pieces of film in that have been cut so they can be joined seamlessly. Film can be spliced together to create a new order of sequence.
Linear video editing is a process of selecting, arranging and
changing images in an ordered sequence (from start to finish). This type of
editing is mainly used when working with videotape.
Nonlinear editing is where you are able to access any clip
whenever you want. This means you are able to edit any part of the video you
would like without compromising the original clip.
In-camera
editing is when you shoot footage for the intended video in the order of the final
sequence.
Digital editing is when you edit footage on software such as PremierPro.
This means you are able to edit and change the order of clips however you want
whilst using the software.
Me Before You (2016) - Will's letter
This clip is the last scene from the film ‘Me Before You’, it shows the end of a bittersweet relationship between Emilia Clarke and Will Traynor. The clip starts off with a zoom out, following a leaf falling from a tree, this slow camera movement accompanied with cello music lets the viewer know that this part of the film is more heart felt and emotional. I feel like the pan of the leaf has a slightly deeper meaning as once it lands you can clearly see that it withered on its journey down, this corresponds with Will’s life before and after the accident that let him immobile. Once the leaf lands the camera then pans with the slow walking of, what we can presume to be, an elderly man. Then to a young man pushing a bike takes over the panning movement of the camera as we steadily make our way to the main character, Emilia Clarke. Also at this point the music fades and gets quieter as the voice over of Will starts, we have his voice to narrate what’s in the letter. At 0:50 we have an almost worm eye shot of Emilia sitting, this angle could show that her confidence and strength has grown with everything she has overcome. A smooth transition into close up of Emilia and a waiter is next, the camera very slowly zooms in so we can clearly see her facial expressions and the emotions she is feeling when reading the letter. A quicker cut is made to a wide shot, this shows the slight build-up of happiness and acceptance of Will wishing for her to live a bold life. We watch her follow his instructions to the perfume shop where we are presented with a close up of her face and then one of her walking out of the shop with a smile on her face. The camera then slowly pans with her walking, she walks off camera and then back on later as the camera pans and zooms out. This indicates the end of her time with Will and that she is moving on with living her life for no one but herself.
Time stamps
0:17 – Zoom out/ tracking shot as leaf falls. Zoom out shots are used to make the subject or object look smaller and changes the focus/ depth of field onto the surrounding area.
0:30 – Tracking of people walking. A tracking shot moves sideways to follow or ‘track’ the person or object in frame, it is used to move the progression of the story along whilst showing the audience the location and some context.
0:47 – Low angle shot of the character, Amelia Clark. A low angle shot is used to make the person/ object look strong and powerful. In this case it shows us how Amelia has grown emotionally and within herself as a person.
0:55 – Mid shot of Amelia reading. A mid shot clearly shows the audience gestures and movement of an individual or a small group.
1:06 – Reaction/ zoom in shot of Amelia’s reaction. Reaction shots are used to clearly show the emotions portrayed by the character and focuses on their reaction from being sad or happy. A zoom shot is usually used to ‘zoom in’ and show more detail and makes the object the only thing in frame, making the audience have its full attention.
1:34 – Wide shot and pan of Amelia rising. A wide shot is used to show more location to the audience and can also be used as an establishing shot. Also a wide shot is able to show the character from a distance and show the audience more about the character, in this case it helps to highlight the famous black and yellow stripped tights. A pan can be used to follow an object/ character without overly changing the location and disorientating the audience.
2:03 – Mid shot/ reaction shot of Amelia looking at the perfume that is mentioned in the letter.
2:30 – Slow pan and zoom out for ending scene. This combination creates and ending shot of Amelia going to experience and live her ‘new life’ whilst giving the audience a sort of establishing shot.
3:05 – Still wide shot as film ends and credits start rolling.
3:28/ 3:58 – The still wide shot gets dull and darker in colour as ending credits continue.
Continuity
Panning shots are often used in this clip to help make the audience less disorientated when the camera changes location. This also helps maintain continuity as this clip is more emotion based and therefore proceeds at a slower pace.
Shot reverse shot is when you film a conversation between two characters you can use the ‘shot reverse shot’ technique. This means you film one character talking in one direction and then film the other character facing the opposite way. You need to make sure the 180° rule is also followed when doing this. 
When you film two different people, the camera would be
behind a ‘180°’ line. They
have one camera facing one person and the other on the second. If they go
beyond the 180 degree line then the audience would be able to see the camera in
shot.
Match on action is when you record the action happening in stages. For example,
shot 1 - would be walking up to the door, shot 2 – hand opening the door, shot
3 – door opening, shot 4 – person walking through the door.
Eyeline match cut is a cut between two shots where the first shot is of a
person looking out of frame (they would be looking at the other person/ or an
object). The next frame would be of the person/ object they are looking at.
When walking off screen to the left, Amelia then comes back on screen on the left. This can go against usual continuity rules as she walks back on screen the same way she walked off “If you’re filming someone moving, stay on the same side of the direction they’re moving.”[1] This can confuse the audience and make the scene difficult to follow.
Video link - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HinUychY3sE
Transitions
All the transitions in this clip (apart from the end scene) are normal ‘cuts’ to keep pace and emotion, however other transitions can be used such as dissolves or a wipe. The end scene uses a gradual fade to black to signal the end of the film.
A dissolve is when one clip fades into the next, this usually happens quickly and usually without the audience noticing. The link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTPctDhOCzE at 0:15 shows a good and slightly exaggerated (noticeable) example of a dissolve transition.
A cutaway technique is used to move from the action to something else and going back to the action as well as showing the viewer something that happened in the past. This video both shows and explains the uses of a cutaway https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrIwfImLXOA
A jump cut is when there is a sudden transition
from one scene to the next. An example of this would be on this link at 0:13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2GPBBxFpEw
Identification with the protagonist
The audience would clearly be able to see that Amelia Clark
is the main character through the amount of screen time she has and the type of
camera shots used when she is being filmed. She is present throughout most of
this clip, and therefore for has the most screen time, as the camera ‘travels’
to end up on her and follows where she goes. The shot types we see of her are
mainly mid shots and reaction shots to see her emotion. This shows she is the
main character as no other character on screen get such up close shots and
screen time. Overall Amelia is on screen for about 2 minutes and 23 seconds.
Manipulation of diegetic time and space
Is an editing technique that shows the use of time in a usual
way. This could be portrayed as something on screen being achievable whereas in
real life it could not have been accomplished. This technique can also be shown
through using flashbacks (past or future events and even a whole scene/
location changing right in front of the characters. An example of this type of
technique can be seen from the a clip on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
as it shows us a location change which you can see on this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mg1A7fB9nrk.
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